FERMENTATION
- Derived from ‘fervere’: boiling appearance of the action of yeast on extracts of fruit/malted grain.
- It is due to the production of CO2 bubbles caused by the anaerobic catabolism of the sugars present in the extract.
- Biochemists = fermentation = generation of energy by catabolism of organic compound
- Industrial microbiologist = fermentation = any process for the production of product by the mass culture of a microorganism (Stanbury & Whitaker, 1984)
- Fermentation = gradual change done by enzymes of microorganism (mold, yeast, bacteria) (Hidayat et al, 2006)
The Range of Fermentation Processes
- There are 4 major groups of commercially important fermentations :
- produce microbial cells (or biomass) as the product, co : baker’s yeast, yeast for single cell protein, ‘ragi’, probiotics
- produce microbial enzymes, co: amylase, protease, pectinase, catalase, glucose oxidase, etc
- produce microbial metabolites, co : ethanol, citric acid, vitamins, acetone, butanol, glutamic acid, lysine, etc
- modify a compound which is added to the fermentation– the transformation processes, co: conversion of ethanol to acetic acid at vinegar, production of steroid, antibiotics and prostaglandin
- the advantages : operating at relatively low temperature, without the requirement for potentially polluting heavy metal catalyst.
The Chronological Development of The Fermentation Industry
- Pre 1900 : alcohol and vinegar; batch, using pure cultures and ‘good vinegar’
- 1900 - 1940 : baker’s yeast, glycerol, citric acid, lactic acid, acetone / butanol; bath fed batch - using pure cultures
- 1940 - date : penicillin, streptomycin, other antibiotics, gibberelin, amino acid, nucleotides, enzyme, transformation; batch, fed batch, continuous, mutation and selection programmes essential
- 1960 - date : single cell protein; continuous medium recycle, genetic engineering of production strains
- 1979 - date : foreign compounds, not normally produced by microbial cells ex : insulin, interferon; batch, fed batch continuous batch, genetic engineering to introduce foreign genes into microbial host
Fermentation Products and their Microbial Producers
The Present Development of Industrial Fermentation
- Microbial cell of probiotics : capsule, drink/beverages
- Amylase and glucose isomerase for fructose syrup production as diet sweetener
- Colouringagent from microorganism for textile colours
- Biodieselas energy source to replace petroleum
- Bioinsecticides
- Microbial bioplastics(Polyhydroxyalkanoates)
- Isoflavonof soybean
- Lipase for detergent
By: MS. Maulana
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