How to Turn Corn into Biofuel

If gas prices are too high for you and your car can run on ethanol E-85, you can try making your own biodiesel from corn. The process is complex and there are some security measures you need to know, but almost anyone can make biofuel for your car (or other) right in your own backyard.

The First Discovery of Commercial Potential of Natural Rubber

Charles Marie de La Condamine is credited with introducing samples of rubber to the Académie Royale des Sciences of France in 1736. In 1751, he presented a paper by François Fresneau to the Académie (eventually published in 1755) which described many of the properties of rubber. This has been referred to as the first scientific paper on rubber.

Development of Biogas as Potential of Alternative Energy in Indonesia

The cycle of Biogas

Development of Biogas as Potential of Alternative Energy in Indonesia - The reduction in fossil energy reserves of the world, including in Indonesia, forcing all parties to seek solutions to these problems. Various alternative energy sources have been tested and researched, one of which is biogas.

About Latex (3)

Pigmenting of Latex

Commercial latex pigmenting liquid

Latex is usually pigmented by preparing a pigment dispersion and then mixing this with the latex to provide the final colored product. By using the same procedure as in master-batching; i.e., taking a crude dispersion of the pigment, adding this slurry to the latex and homogenizing the two materials, a phase transfer can be achieved in which the pigment is removed from the aqueous phase and deposited inside the latex particles. 

About Latex (2)

Compounding of Latex

Rubber tapper pouring latex into
a mould at a plantation

Latex to be used for dipping, coating, and rug-backing must be mixed with compounding agents which include: 

1. stabilizers including surfactants 
2. vulcanizing agents
3. vulcanization accelerators
4. antioxidants 
5. fillers
6. viscosity modifiers (thickeners) and 
7. gel sensitizers

Agroindustry of Fermented Products

FERMENTATION

• Derived from ‘fervere’: boiling appearance of the action of yeast on extracts of fruit/malted grain.
• It is due to the production of CO2 bubbles caused by the anaerobic catabolism of the sugars present in the extract.
• Biochemists = fermentation = generation of energy by catabolism of organic compound
• Industrial microbiologist = fermentation = any process for the production of product by the mass culture of a microorganism (Stanbury & Whitaker, 1984)
• Fermentation = gradual change done by enzymes of microorganism (mold, yeast, bacteria) (Hidayat et al, 2006)

About Chitosan

Chitosan (other name: poliglusam)

Chitosan (pronounced /ˈkaɪtɵsæn/) is a linear polysaccharide composed of randomly distributed β-(1-4)-linked D-glucosamine (deacetylated unit) and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (acetylated unit). It has a number of commercial and possible biomedical uses.

Manufacture and properties

About Saponification

Saponification are chemical processes that produce soap from fatty acid derivatives. Traditionally, saponification involves hydrolysis of esters under basic conditions to form an alcohol and the salt of acarboxylic acid (carboxylates). Saponifiable substances are those that can be converted into soap.[1]

 

Saponification of a triglyceride with sodium hydroxide.

About Surfactant

A micelle—the lipophilic tails of the surfactant
molecules remain on the inside of  the micelle due
to unfavourable interactions. The polar "heads" of  the
micelle, due to favourable interactions with water, form
a hydrophilic outer layer that in effect protects  the
hydrophobic core of the micelle. The compounds that make
up a micelle are typically amphiphilic in nature, meaning
that not only are micelles soluble in protic  solvents such as
water but also in aprotic  solvents as a reverse micelle.

Non Food Applications of Palm Oil and Palm Kernel Oil (1)

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The environmental benefits of using vegetable oils, especially palm-based products, are many. They are renewable resources with good environmental characteristics, biodegradable, low ecotoxicity and toxicity to humans, and emit no net CO2 to the atmosphere. When supplies are low, more crops can be planted to make up the shortfall, which would be a boon to agricultural economies. Petroleum, on the other hand, is a finite and depleting resource.