what is alcohol?

what is alcohol? - In chemistry, alcohol is an organic compound that binds to the hydroxyl functional group (-OH) to a carbon atom, usually associated with other carbon atoms or hydrogen.

An important class of simple acyclic alcohols, the general formula CnH2n 1 OH. Of these, ethanol (C₂H₅OH) is a type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages and a common language the term refers to alcohol, particularly ethanol.

Definition of Agro Industry Cluster

Cluster-based economic development, including agro industry cluster has received increasing attention from researchers and many organizations, including OECD, European Commission, the U.S. National Governors Association, and USAID. Also a large number of regions and nations have launched initiatives to develop or strengthen clusters.

The cluster concept is mainly motivated by the research work of Michael Porter. Porter (1990), clusters are groups of companies and institutions co-located in a specific geographic region and linked by interdependencies in providing a related group of products or services. "Because of the proximity, both in terms of geography and activities between them, voters take clustered economic benefits of various types of externalities of location.

Investment Environment of Agricultural and Agro-industries Sector in Tajikistan

The government made some efforts to promote investment, but the bureaucratic process is arbitrary and restrictive. Although some foreign entities have invested in Tajikistan, the political and economic instability have discouraged a significant amount of foreign direct investment. Corruption and lack of democratic reform, deters investors from making investments and the slow pace of privatization, particularly for medium and large enterprises, must be kept low in the investment business. Other factors that prevent investors access to finance and weak public administration.

Investment Environment of the Agricultural Sector in Kyrgyz Republic

Kyrgyz Republic has implemented policies to transition the most liberal and democratic in Central Asia to achieve economic stabilization and restructuring. The country has a market-friendly trade regime, and no exchange controls. They joined the WTO in 1998. Government of Kyrgyzstan is actively working to improve the investment climate in the country. The last five years, investment arrays have been developed and implemented to increase private investment and promote economic growth. In addition, policies to limit inflation, reducing the budget deficit, and maintaining the stability of the real exchange rate has helped to improve the investment climate.

Investment Environment of the Agriculture in Mongolia

Government of Mongolia has launched several efforts to get foreign investments and priorities in such areas as construction, information and information technology (IT), where agriculture is at the bottom of the priority list.

With the 2002 amendment to the Act on Direct Investment, Government of Mongolia is seeking to create a more favorable investment environment for investors. Investment and Foreign Trade Agency (TIFF), which was established in 1996, is primarily responsible for direct investments under the Ministry of Industry and Commerce. Law recognizes companies and foreign invested company, where foreigners account for 25 percent or more of the investment.

Investment Environment of the Agro-Industry Sector in Kazakhstan

In 2003, Kazakhstan newly enacted the Act for New Foreign Investment after abolition of the Act for Foreign Investment and the Law on State Support for Direct Investment. Under the new law, there is no discrimination between domestic and foreign investors. Investment favors are provided in priority sectors, which include following sectors: industrial infrastructure, processing industry, agriculture, agro-industry, housing, the social sector and tourism infrastructure. The incentives for direct investments in the priority sectors are: property tax and income tax exemptions for up to five years respectively, and exemptions or reductions in customs duty on materials necessary for completion of the investment project.

Tajikistan’s Agriculture and Agro-industry Sector

Agriculture is Tajikistan’s major sector endowed with unique geographic and climatic environment. Due to its environment, Tajikistan can cultivate virtually almost all agricultural crops. The agricultural sector contributes nearly 30 percent to the country’s GDP and employs more than half of the total employment. In addition, it is responsible for more than 30 percent of exports. Especially, cotton alone provides 30 to 40 percent of budget revenues in taxes.

Review of Agricultural Commodities of Uzbekistan

The major food and agricultural commodities produced in Uzbekistan are wheat, cow milk, cotton seeds and lint, and tomatoes. Cotton lint, grapes, tomatoes and onions are the major exporting agricultural commodities and flour of wheat, sugar, and vegetable oils are major importing agricultural items.

Review of Agriculture and Agro-Industry Sector in Kazakhstan

Although the share of agriculture (and agro-industry) out of GDP is only 8 percent, agriculture (and agro-industry) is a very important sector in Kazakhstan, since over 40 percent of population still resides in rural areas and 20 percent of labor is employed by the agricultural sector.

What is Agro-industry?

Agroindustry or agro-industry (agroindustrial or agro-industrial) is industry dealing with the supply, processing, and distribution of farm products. Agro-industry is related to the large-scale production, processing, and packaging of food using modern equipment and methods.

An 'agro-industry' means a unit which adds value to agricultural produce / intermediates / residues; both food and non-food; by processing them into products which are marketable or usable or edible, or by improving storability, or by providing a link from farm to the market or a part thereof. Agro-industry also includes hitech agriculture, biotechnology based agriculture and the certified/ truthful label seed producing industry.

What is Agribusiness?

Agribusiness is the human activities that use natural resources to fullfill their needs of their life. Agribusiness is a broad concept used to describe corporate agricultural enterprises individually and collectively. Agribusinesses are companies involved in one or more stages of the production of crops and livestock. In other words agribusiness is an economic perspective for agricultural activities.

Bovine Besnoitiosis: An emerging disease in Europe

ABSTRACT: The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) asked the Panel on Animal Health and Welfare to deliver a scientific statement on bovine besnoitiosis. Recent epidemiological data confirm an increased number of cases and geographic expansion of besnoitiosis in cattle herds in some EU MS therefore bovine besnoitiosis should be considered an emerging disease in the EU. 

Food Processing Innovation: A Case Study With Pressurized Passion Fruit Juice

ABSTRACT: Tropical fruit juice production shows an annual increase in volume of 15 to 20% in Brazil. Growing demand for processed fruit pulp arouses juice industry interest to search for novel technologies. High Hydrostatic Pressure (HHP) is an innovative technology which allows juice production with improved sensory characteristics compared to pasteurization, meeting consumer demands for fresh-like foods. Despite recognized advantages of pressurized products described in the literature, a positive consumer attitude towards them is required to guarantee their success in today’s competitive global market. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of packaging attributes on consumer expected liking and purchase intention of passion fruit juice. One hundred and twenty consumers evaluated twelve prototypes for expected liking and purchase intention. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, Conjoint and Cluster Analyses. Results showed that information about benefits of used technology (HHP) presented on the package played an important role on consumer attitude, suggesting a positive contribution to his/her satisfaction, a key point for the food industry.

Food Foresight: Analysis of the development patterns of the Food Industry and markets using TRIZ concepts

A small project termed Food Foresight was developed under the aegis of the European Union 5th Framework Programme, key action Food, Nutrition and Health, in 2002, and the final report has just been made available.

Essential Oil Refining Machine

Essential oil refining machine

This Essential Oil Refining Machine is portable, not too big in size, and manufactured for simply operation and maintenance, depends on the production capacity of the machine you need. This machine was engineered by Ato Sunarto, and manufactured by The Council of Science, Technology and Industry of West Sumatra, Padang. You can ask for more informations about this tool or even if you would order it by contacting the contact address which figured below. 

Agroindustry of Fermented Products

FERMENTATION

• Derived from ‘fervere’: boiling appearance of the action of yeast on extracts of fruit/malted grain.
• It is due to the production of CO2 bubbles caused by the anaerobic catabolism of the sugars present in the extract.
• Biochemists = fermentation = generation of energy by catabolism of organic compound
• Industrial microbiologist = fermentation = any process for the production of product by the mass culture of a microorganism (Stanbury & Whitaker, 1984)
• Fermentation = gradual change done by enzymes of microorganism (mold, yeast, bacteria) (Hidayat et al, 2006)

The Dual Benefits of Algae Farming

For the average citizen, algae are often viewed as a problematic growth within backyard swimming pools and local rivers and ponds. On the other hand, algae are now a hot topic among environmentalists as agroindustrial developments see them being used to sequester carbon dioxide and produce biofuels. 

About Palm Oil

Palm oil from Ghana with
its natural dark colour visible

Palm oil, coconut oil and palm kernel oil are edible plant oils derived from the fruits of palm trees. Palm oil is extracted from the pulp of thefruit of the oil palm Elaeis guineensis; palm kernel oil is derived from the kernel (seed) of the oil palm and coconut oil is derived from the kernel of the coconut (Cocos nucifera). Palm oil is naturally reddish in color because it contains a high amount of beta-carotene.

Palm oil, palm kernel oil and coconut oil are three of the few highly saturated vegetable fats. Palm oil is semi-solid at room temperatures. Palm oil contains several saturated and unsaturated fats in the forms of glyceryl laurate (0.1%, saturated), myristate (1%, saturated), palmitate(44%, saturated), stearate (5%, saturated), oleate (39%, monounsaturated), linoleate (10%, polyunsaturated), and linolenate (0.3%, polyunsaturated). Palm kernel oil and coconut oil are more highly saturated than palm oil. Like all vegetable oils, palm oil does not containcholesterol (found in unrefined animal fats), although saturated fat intake increases both LDL and HDL cholesterol.

About Chitosan

Chitosan (other name: poliglusam)

Chitosan (pronounced /ˈkaɪtɵsæn/) is a linear polysaccharide composed of randomly distributed β-(1-4)-linked D-glucosamine (deacetylated unit) and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (acetylated unit). It has a number of commercial and possible biomedical uses.

Manufacture and properties

About Wheat (2)

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Commercial Use

Wheat output in 

Harvested wheat grain that enters trade is classified according to grain properties for the purposes of the commodities market. Wheat buyers use these to decide which wheat to buy, as each class has special uses, and producers use them to decide which classes of wheat will be most profitable to cultivate.